by Leonard V Johnson
Again, the first three ‘feasts of the LORD’ ── Passover, the Days of Unleavened Bread, and the Day of Pentecost. They all picture events that lead to the glorious first spiritual “harvest” of Spirit-begotten children of God Born Again into the family of God ── the kingdom of God!
The fourth annual festival – the Feast of Trumpets – pictures the blowing of the seven trumpet warnings of the LORD God and the glorious return of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the resurrection of His saints, and the establishment of His government── the kingdom of God── upon the Earth!
The fifth annual festival – the Day of Atonement.
Turning into the Book of Leviticus chapter 16 we see the goat slain, along with the goat (the “scapegoat”) released into the wilderness. Who, or what, do these two goats represent?
Now, one doesn’t have to fully understand Leviticus 16 to have the love of our Savior Jesus Christ to be poured out upon them, or His grace, His Spirit, His glorious promise of eternal life. Yet, a great many churches that are still deeply trenched in the Old Covenant make you think that this is the ultimate crux of the gospel of Christ. It is not!
“’ And Aaron [the high priest] shall bring the goat on which the LORD’s lot fell, and offer it as a sin offering. 10) But the goat on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat [azazel in Hebrew── pronounced az-aw-zale'] shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make atonement upon it, and to let it go as the scapegoat into the wilderness” – Leviticus 16:9-10.
“’ Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering, which is for the people, bring its blood inside the veil, do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat. 16) So he shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions, for all their sins; and so he shall do for the tabernacle of meeting which remains among them in the midst of their uncleanness. 17) There shall be no man in the tabernacles of meeting when he goes in to make atonement in the Holy Place, until he comes out, that he may make atonement for himself, for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel [the congregation; the NT Church of God]. 18) And he shall go out to the altar that is before the LORD, and make atonement for it, and shall take some of the blood of the bull and some of the blood of the goat, and put it on the horns of the altar all around. 19) Then he shall sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, cleanse it, and consecrate it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel’” – Leviticus 16:15-19.
Now, it would be remiss of me not to mention something concerning the word ‘ăzā’ zēl.
According to the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament──
“This word appears four times in the OT, all in Lev 16 (8, 10, 26) where the ritual for the Day of Atonement is described. After the priest has made atonement for himself and his house, he is to take two goats on behalf of Israel. One is to be a sacrifice to the Lord, the other is to be the “scapegoat,” i.e. the goat for Azazel. …The rabbinic INTERPRETATION has generally considered this word to designate THE PLACE to which the goat was sent: a desert, a solitary place, or the height from which the goat was thrown (cf. Lev 16:22).”
Continuing──
“The final POSSIBILITY is to regard this word as designating a personal being so as to balance the word “Lord.” In this way Azazel could be an evil spirit (Enoch 8:1; 10:4; cf. 2 Chr. 11:15; Isa 34:14; Rev 18:2) or even the devil himself (KD── K. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament loc. cit.), standing logically in antithesis to the Lord. However, THE ENOCH REFERENCES to Azazel as a demon ARE DOUBTLESS … Some who adopt this demon reference of Lev 16 also consider the passage to be of late authorship.” 1
Let me add here: Notice. When you go and reread and study Leviticus 16:15-19 we see that the high priest killed the first goat as a sin offering and sprinkled its blood on and before THE MERCY SEAT── making an atonement for ONLY the Holy Place, himself and his household, and the congregation of Israel── then out at the altar he springled blood and made an atonement for it. Then, he took some of the blood of the goat and bull and placed it on the horns of the altar - consecrating it FROM THE UNCLEANNESS OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. This first goat WAS NOT a sin offering for all the children of Israel! So, even the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament is wrong!
Also, we should take note: In the book Angels A to Z regarding Azazel──
“Azazel was one of the chieftains of the two hundred fallen angels who, ACCORDING TO THE BOOK OF ENOCH, came to earth to mate with mortal women (Gen. 6:2-4). …It was only later [in their rabbinic interpretation], after the Hebrews encountered the Zoroastrian religion … [that] the rabbis seem to have identified Azazel as the Devil, …” 2
The Book of Enoch (as we have the Book of Enoch today) should not be considered inspired Scripture, but many writers of God’s living word surely found some light in the original. – ref. Jude 14-15.
Regardless of the meaning of the word azazel (because there is much confusion), God’s living word emphasizes the sufficiency and completeness of our LORD JESUS CHRIST’S sacrifice── both to “remove” our sin and to reconcile us to God the Father. John the Baptist identified our Lord Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world –
“ … ‘Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!’” – John 1:29, 36.
1) What annual Sabbath follows NINE DAYS after the Feast of Trumpets?
“And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying: 27) ‘Also the tenth day of this seventh month shall be the Day of Atonement. It shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall AFFLICT YOUR SOULS, …’” – Leviticus 23:26, 27.
As we’ve pointed out so many times, this is a very poor translation. The Hebrew phrase – the root of this phrase which I have capitalized and underlined above, the meaning of it is “you shall HUMBLE yourself before the LORD your God.” Notice the New American Standard Bible version in the Key Word Hebrew-Greek Study Bible –
“ …’ It shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall humble your souls …’” – Leviticus 23:27, NASB.
Returning again to the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament regarding the word “afflict” ──
“(‘ānâ) III, afflict, oppress, humble. … It is to be distinguished from ‘ānâ I [which is to answer, respond, testify, speak, shout] II [which is be occupied, busied with]; IV [which is sing] … the objective state or condition of being low and/or humble. … Ugaritic [texts] attests this root with the meaning “cowed, humbled” (active) and “was humbled, punished” (passive). The Bible attests to this root over two hundred times. …God uses affliction [that being humility] to prompt repentance; for example, the purpose of the wilderness wandering was TO HUMBLE ISRAEL (Deut 8:23). This is a recurrent theme in Scripture.” 3
Does this mean that we must fast!? A great many people say, “Yes!”
Our beloved apostle Peter was inspired by God’s Spirit to write –
“And if you call on the Father, who without partiality judges according to each one’s work, conduct yourselves throughout the time of your stay here in FEAR [reverent fear and RESPECT], 18) knowing that you were not redeemed with corruptible things, like silver or gold, from your aimless conduct received BY TRADITION FROM YOUR FATHERS.” – 1 Peter 1:17-18.
He is speaking of Jewish tradition. Because, if you’re going to be JEWISH, then Jewish tradition says that you must fast. In the Mishnah── an ancient collection of Jewish traditions, the Day of Atonement forbade food and drink, bathing, using oil to moisten the skin, wearing sandals, and sexual relations. Do you want to be Jewish or Christian!?
“And you shall do no work on that same day, for it is the Day of Atonement, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God.’” ─ Leviticus 23:28; see also Leviticus 16:29-31.
Are the begotten children of the LORD God commanded to assemble before Their throne on the Day of Atonement?
Yes.
“ … ‘It shall be a holy convocation for you; …’” – Leviticus 23:27.
2) How are we (the Body of Christ) to specifically observe the Day of Atonement in regard to the New Covenant in Christ?
Note: Truly, the MOST IMPORTANT area of growth you could ever have is understanding that Jesus Christ is our High Priest and we NOW live under the New Covenant and we are bound to be loyal to the Ten Commandments.
“’ It shall be to you a sabbath of solemn rest, and you shall [humble] your souls; on the NINTH DAY of the month at evening, from evening to evening, you shall celebrate your sabbath.’” – Leviticus 23:32.
James 4:6 – This is the ultimate meaning of the Day of Atonement! HUMBLE yourselves before GOD! And how do you humble yourself before GOD!? Verse 7 - By submitting to the will of GOD. The Way of GOD. The WORD of GOD. The Plan of GOD. Verse 9 – “Lament ...” It means, at times, taking stock of who you are. Look at yourself in the spiritual mirror. Verse 10: This is the meaning of the Day of Atonement – “Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and He will lift you up.”
Humbling oneself on the Day of Atonement is a vivid reminder of the state of mind necessary for salvation.
The living word of our Lord Jesus Christ──
“’ Blessed are the [humble] in spirit, For theirs is the kingdom [from] heaven. 4) Blessed are those who mourn, For they shall be comforted. 5) Blessed are the meek [the humble], For they shall inherit the earth.’” – Matthew 5:3-5.
The humility, the godly sorrow, the earnest seeking after the LORD God and Their Way! Truly becoming submissive to Father God and His will, and the will of Jesus Christ. To “be clothed with humility, for God resists the proud, …”
3) What does the word atonement mean?
“ … ‘for it is the Day of Atonement, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God.’” ─ Leviticus 23:28.
Again, the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament ──
“1023b (kippūr) (used in the plural kippūrîm) atonement, used especially in the expression “day of atonement.” 1023c (kappōret) place of atonement; KJV, “mercy seat.” …Kippūr. Atonement. Kappōret, Mercy seat. These two nouns are derived from the verb as used in the intensive stem: The first is used today in the name … yom kippur “day of atonement” (used only in the plural in the OT) …Kappōret, Mercy seat. … The word is derived from the root “to atone.” The Greek equivalent in the LXX [the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament in Greek] is usually hilastērion, “place or object of propitiation,” a word which is applied to Christ in Rom 3:25.” 4
To Note: Even the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary I have in my office library gave the correct answer to the definition of atonement. “1 obs: RECONCILIATION 2: the reconciliation of God and man through the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ.” 5 And, to reconcile means: “1 a: to restore to friendship or harmony.” It does not mean──set at one or to join in one - to form by uniting.
The word atonement means that Jesus Christ was our ATONEMENT! It was prophesied – we often read this during the Passover – or the Lord’s Supper – because it’s such a description of what Jesus endured, and what He did for His Church and for all people!
“In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation [atonement] for our sins” – 1 John 4:10.
To Note: The word propitiate means: “to gain or regain the favor or goodwill of.” 6
Let us also note –
“For when we were still without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. 7) For scarcely for a righteous man will one die; yet perhaps for a good man someone would even dare to die. 8) But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. 9) Much more then, having now been justified by His blood, we shall be saved from wrath through Him. 10) For if when we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of His Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by His life. 11) And not only that, but we also rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received the reconciliation” – Romans 5:6-11.
Our Lord Jesus Christ was the ‘atonement’ for us ── the “to restore” ── in the reconciliation with Father God.
4) Was the Old Covenant priesthood to make a special sin offering annually to atone for the Holy Place?
“’ And the priest, who is anointed and consecrated to minister as priest in his father’s place, shall make atonement, …’” – Leviticus 16:32-34.
Was this to be done on the Day of Atonement?
“’ For on that day the priest shall make atonement for you, to cleanse you, that you may be clean from all your sins before the LORD.’” – verse 30.
Indeed, in the Old Covenant on the Day of Atonement, the high priest killed the first goat as a sin offering and sprinkled its blood on and before THE MERCY SEAT── making an atonement for ONLY the Holy Place, himself and his household, and the congregation of Israel── then out at the altar he springled blood and made an atonement for it. Then, he took some of the blood of the goat and bull and placed it on the horns of the altar - consecrating it FROM THE UNCLEANNESS OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL.
5) Was the other goat left alive to be sent into the wilderness?
Yes.
“’ But the goat on which the lot fell to be the [‘ăzā’ zēl] shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make atonement upon it, and to let it go as the [‘ăzā’ zēl] into the wilderness.’” – Leviticus 16:10.
I contend that the live goat that was released into the wilderness also represented our Lord Jesus Christ.
“’ The goat shall bear on itself all their iniquities to an uninhabited land; …’” – verse 22. Within God’s living word the only One attested to bearing all our iniquities is our Lord Jesus Christ. Again, as noted earlier, John 1:29, 36. Also, 1 Peter 2:24.
Not only did the first goat have an atoning role (for the Holy Place, the high priest and his household, and the congregation of Israel), but details that typified the live goat did as well. Notice it was prophesied──
“ … And the LORD has laid on Him the iniquity of us all.” – Isaiah 53:6.
“ … For He shall bear their iniquities.” – Isaiah 53:11.
“… And He bore the sin of many, And made intercession for the transgressors.” – Isaiah 53:12.
“’ Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head OF THE LIVE GOAT, confess over it all the iniquities OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL, and all their transgressions, concerning their sins, putting them on the head of the goat, and shall send it away into the wilderness by the hand of a suitable man.’” ─ Leviticus 16:21.
Within that Old Covenant sacrificial system, there was only one ritual that involved an animal bearing all the sins of the people of Israel──the ‘ăzā’ zēl goat. Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ is identified both as never sinning and also bearing our sins. It is quite logical that there is a link between these two goats. Because WITHOUT the second goat── only half of our Lord Jesus’ atoning work is represented. The first goat for the Lord DOES NOT atone for the children of Israel── it only atoned for the Holy Place, the high priest and his household, and the congregation of Israel. It was only the second goat that atoned for the children of Israel.
There should be no surprise that our Lord Jesus Christ is represented by both goats. There is significant evidence which supports this.
In conclusion, it is worth noting that the two Old Covenant goats of the Day of Atonement should not individually encompass the entirety of our Lord Jesus Christ’s glorious work! The first goat focuses on the sin-expelling power of His death── again, for the Holy Place, the high priest and his household, and the congregation of Israel. Our Lord Jesus presents His blood, His sacrifice, as the PROPITATION for judgment. In addition, this first goat never took on sins as our Lord Jesus Christ does. So, the first goat can’t truly be our Lord Jesus Himself, but rather an aspect related to Him being our Savior. Likewise, the second goat should not be expected to symbolize the entire personage of our Lord Jesus Christ – we should see it rather as the sins that our Lord Jesus Christ bore for all of us.
Let this be in mind and heart as we celebrate the Day of Atonement this year── we will certainly find this inspired understanding presented in striking prophetic fulfillment! □
1 Harris L. R., Archer, L. Gleason, Jr., and Waltke K. Bruce.
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, 1980, #1593, pgs. 657, 658.
2 Lewis R.J., and Oliver Dorothy E., Angels A to Z, Visible Ink Press, Azazel, pgs. 62-63.
3 Ibid. 1. Pgs. 679, 682.
4 Ibid. 1, 2. Pgs. 452, 453.
5 Webster M. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, atonement, 1996, pp 73.
6 Ibid. 5. pg. 977.
Scriptual Index:
Old Testament ── Genesis 6:2-4; Leviticus 16:8, 9-10, 15, 16, 17-19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32-34; 23:26, 27, 28, 32; Deuteronomy 8:23; 2 Chronicles 11:15; Isaiah 34:14; 53:6, 11, 12.
New Testament ── Matthew 5:3-5; John 1:29, 36; Romans 3:25; 5:6-11; 1 Peter 1:17-18; 2:24; 5:5; 1 John 4:10; Jude 14-15; Revelation 18:2.